Abstract The present study has been carried out with the seed extracts of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Parijat) and evaluates its antioxidant potential and profiling the phytochemical constituents by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The antioxidant potential of the seed extracts was measured by four different in vitro assay like 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and lipid peroxidation inhibition potential (LPIP) assay. The total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were estimated. The ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of seeds showed potential DPPH free radical scavenging activity (EC50 129.49±3.55µg/ml), superoxide anion radical (EC50 969.94±8.03µg/ml) and LPIP (EC50 452.43±5.07 µg/ml) activities. The total phenol content was maximum in aqueous extract (AQE) which was 201.00±0.20 µg/mg gallic acid equivalent. The EAE was rich with total flavonoid and it was found to be 34.50±0.40 µg/mg rutin equivalent. The EAE was subjected for phytochemical-profiling using GC-MS system. The presence of different phytoconstituents supports the medicinal value of the seeds. The results suggest that EAE constitutes a promising new source of novel compounds. Further, it can be used for isolation and purification of specific compounds which have good antioxidant activities and possess useful biological activities.

SUMMARY Severe hypercalcemia is a medical emergency that requires immediate and aggressive management. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) often causes severe hypercalcemia. Volume resuscitation, parenteral salmon calcitonin, and administration of intravenous bisphosphonates are common measures used to stabilize patients. However, the use of these measures is inadequate in several patients and may even be contraindicated in individuals with renal insufficiency or severe systemic illness. This study demonstrated the efficacy and safety of denosumab in patients with severe hypercalcemia due to PHPT, when immediate surgery was not feasible. We present four patients with severe hypercalcemia due to PHPT. Immediate surgery was not feasible because the patients had severe systemic illness, such as seizures and altered sensorium (case 1); acute severe pancreatitis (cases 2 and 3); or coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia (case 4). Intravenous normal saline and parenteral salmon calcitonin were inadequate for controlling hypercalcemia. Intravenous bisphosphonates were avoided because of severe systemic illness in all cases and impaired renal function in three cases. Denosumab was administered to control hypercalcemia and allow the stabilization of patients for definitive surgical management. Following denosumab administration, serum calcium levels normalized, and general condition improved in all patients. Three patients underwent parathyroidectomy after two weeks and another patient after eight weeks. The use of denosumab for the management of severe hypercalcemia due to PHPT is efficacious and safe in patients when immediate surgical management is not feasible due to severe systemic illness.

The present study aimed to evaluate the safety of the alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica in Charles foster rats through an acute and sub-acute oral administration.For assessment of acute oral toxicity test, ratswere orally treated with single dose of the alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica at the doses of 50, 250, 500, 1000 2000 and 5000 mg/kg. In sub-acute toxicity study, using the OECD guidelines no. 407, the extract was administered at the doses of 50, 250, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days and at the dose of 2000 mg/kg satellite group also used for 6 weeks.In acute toxicity above mentioned doses neither showed mortality nor exterior signs of toxicity. In sub-acute, study no significant changes found in haematological and biochemical level ofthe treated rat after 14 days and 28 days in comparison to control. The histopathology of rat brain, kidney, liver, and heart also showed the no cellular changes after extract treated rat.The alcoholic leaves extract of Reinwardtia indica was found non-toxic in single drug dose administration up to 5000 mg/kg (acute study) and in sub-acute administration up to 2000 mg/kg.

The in vitro antioxidant activity of the Capparis Zeylanica extract showed that has a scavenging ability of hydroxyl peroxide radicals (421.74 ± 25.61 mg/ml) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (around 95%). In vivo study in rats with Capparis Zeylanica extract showed significant antioxidant activity in the DPPH test as compared to the control. Capparis Zeylanica extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/ kg significantly increased rats TAP as compared to control where as the decreased in TBARS was significant in 200 and 400 mg/kg compared to the control. Administration of Capparis Zeylanica extracts at a dose of 400 mg/kg per day did not significantly alter serum TAP but little alteration was observed in TBARS test. Antioxidant activities of the extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg were in all experiments comparable to that of α-tocopherol (10 mg/kg). A good result for DPPH and TBARS was found at a dose of 400 mg/kg compared to the α-Tochopherol. Dose dependent effect was found in DPPH scavenging activity. The constituents like total phenolic compounds (43.625 ± 1.45 mg/g of dry extract), total tannins (24.75 ± 1.23 mg/g of dry extract), total flavonols (1.653 ± 1.41mg rutin equivalents/g dry extract), total flavonoids (0.876 ± 0.26 mg/g Rutin/g of dry extract), Saponins (1.22 ± 1.35 mg/g of dry extract) and fatty acids (0.0867 ± 0.01 mg/g of dry extract) indicate that the Capparis Zeylanica root extract may contribute to the antioxidant activity.

La actividad antioxidante in vitro de los extractos de Capparis Zeylanica mostró que tienen la habilidad atrapadora de radicales hidroxil peróxido (421.74 ± 25.61 mg/ml) y actividad atrapadora de radicales DPPH (alrededor del 95%). El estudio in vivo en ratas con extractos de Capparis Zeylanica mostró actividad antioxidante significativa en la prueba de DPPH comparado con el control. Los extractos de Capparis Zeylanica a las dosis de 100 y 200 mg/kg incrementaron significativamente el TAP en ratas comparados con el control, en tanto que la disminución en el ensayo TBARS fue significativo a 200 y 400 mg/kg comparado con el control. La administración de extractos de Capparis Zeylanica a la dosis de 400 mg/kg por día no alteró el TAP en suero y se observaron pocas alteraciones en el ensayo de TBARS. La actividad antioxidante de los extractos a las dosis de 100 y 200 mg/kg en todos los experimentos fueron comparables al de a-tocoferol (10 mg/ kg). Se encontró un buen resultado para DPPH y TBARS a la dosis de 400 mg/kg comparable al de a-tocoferol. Se encontró un efecto dosis-dependiente en la actividad atrapadora del radical libres en la prueba DPPH. Los constituyentes como compuestos fenólicos totales (43.625 ± 1.45 mg/g de extracto seco), taninos totales (24.75 ± 1.23 mg/g de extracto seco), flavonoles totales (1.653 ± 1.41mg equivalentes de rutina/g extracto seco) y ácidos grasos (0.0867 ± 0.01 mg/g de extracto seco) indica que el extracto de raíz de Capparis Zeylanica puede contribuir a la actividad antioxidante.